Introduction
Abstract
A global debate is raging within Islam about how to coexist with democ-racy. Radical movements opposed to the inequalities of globalisation are reviving long-discredited simplifications that scriptural authority requires either Islamic rule (dar al-Islam) or a state of war with the illegitimate authority of non-Muslims or secularists. Pressures of rapid globalisation and urbanisation are nowhere more intense than in Asia, where the pre-cious lessons of a diverse past seem in danger of being forgotten. In Indo-nesia, conceived since its 1945 origins as a plural state with full equality between all its extremely diverse citizens, the Ulama Council issued a fatwa in 2005 condemning pluralism as unlawful.