Open Access Digital Theses
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Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , A threat looms large: China's territorial disputes in the south china sea, 1989-2011(2011-11-04) Tran, MinhChina’s foreign policy in Southeast Asia regarding the South China Sea disputes has fundamentally changed since the end of the Cold War. Following the end of the Cold War, China transformed from a previous hostile and antagonistic stance towards Southeast Asian countries to a friendlier approach which is usually termed as a ‘good neighbor policy’. Many scholars especially constructivists therefore argue that China has changed its identity to become a benign rising power. Since 2010, however, China has again changed its diplomatic approach and became even more aggressive in its claims in the South China Sea disputes. Why was there such a dramatic change in China’s regional foreign policy? Constructivists remain silent in answering this question. This study argues that the change of power distribution between China and other states in Southeast Asia is the major driving force that has facilitated change in Beijing’s diplomatic approach to this region since the end of the Cold War. Through a historical analysis within an offensive realist theoretical framework, this study concludes that China’s change of its diplomatic approach is mainly driven by change of power distribution in the region, or in other words, by realist factors.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Through a glass darkly : present and past land-use systems of Papuan sagopalm users(1980-02) Rhoads, James WThis study concerns the application of ethnographic information to the understanding of prehistoric peoples. The ethnography of contemporary sago-using peoples, who inhabit the foothill margin of the deltaic swamps of the Papuan Gulf, and the archaeological evidence recovered from a series of excavated open and rock shelter sites serve as the basis for this work.The Kairi living at Waira Village, who are the focus of my ethnographic research, follow a dual residence system: permanent villages along large rivers and temporary encampments sited near the interior margin of a broad alluvial plain. Their primary subsistence pursuits: sago-making, fishing and hunting follow traditional modes; however, European tools have contributed to some recent alterations. The contemporary Kairi land-use strategy, as interpreted from a time-and-motion study of the VJaira community, is oriented from the location of sagopalm stands, instead of the village site. Taking this information and the observed seasonal flucuations in subsistence and settlement strategies into account I construct a model of contemporary land-use. This analogue and that derived for the contact period are expressed in a series of working and test hypotheses which relate the modelled behavioural patterns to their archaeological reflections. Before considering the archaeological evidence I derive a further set of alternative models from an analysis of other Melanesian sago-using groups. The usefulness of this expanded view of the application of ethnographic analogues - namely the projection of possible prehistoric systems for which there is no evidence in the area today - is demonstrated through model testing. The second part of the thesis considers the archaeological evidence and an assessment against the sui-tes of test hypotheses is made. The results suggest that the occupation of the Waira region extends over approximately the last 3000 years. Subsistence strategies appear to have changed little during that time from what is noted today. Settlement patterns have, however, altered between 1500-1200 BP and from just before European contact to today. This change is marked by the siting of villages along major waterways, repeated use of temporary encampments near the karst escarpment and occurrence of large amounts of exotic commodities. A consideration of the mechanisms of trade and exchange whereby exotic goods reached the Kairi area concludes this thesis. From this analysis I hypothesize that the times when the regional settlement pattern was altered represent intense periods of coastal trade linking sago-producing peoples of the Papuan Gulf with more easterly sited pottery-making communities.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , The Criminal Liability of Corporations for Insider Trading in Australia: Proposals for Reform(2015-08) Overland, Juliette RuthThe regulation of insider trading - the act of trading in securities or other financial products while in possession of relevant non-public, price-sensitive information - is a controversial and complex area of corporate law. Although there has been a marked increase in the number of individual offenders convicted of insider trading in recent years, there has never been a successful criminal prosecution of a corporation for insider trading in Australia, or even a successful set of civil penalty proceedings. This thesis will focus on corporate criminal liability for insider trading in Australia - a topic of great theoretical and practical significance. Corporations are subject to the prohibition of insider trading under Australian law, yet the absence of any successful prosecution, and the dearth of cases concerning corporate defendants, means the law is untested on many relevant issues, complicated by conflicting views as to the proper application of insider trading laws to corporations. The purpose of this thesis is threefold: (i) to determine the manner in which insider trading laws apply to corporations in Australia; (ii) to critically examine the application of those insider trading laws and identify any associated difficulties or flaws; and (iii) to set out proposals for reform and a new model of corporate criminal liability for insider trading in Australia. This thesis will demonstrate that there are a number of specific problems which can be identified in the application of the elements of the insider trading offence to corporations. In particular, there are many mechanisms, existing under both the general law and statute, which can be used to attribute the elements of the insider trading offence to corporations, although there is a lack of clarity as to their availability and application. These different mechanisms also apply a variety of tests, many of which are conflicting, making it difficult to determine when a corporation will actually be regarded as engaging in insider trading. The Chinese Wall defence for corporations also contains a number of gaps in its operation, creating additional uncertainty. This thesis critically analyses corporate criminal liability for insider trading in Australia. Having regard to the need for legislative certainty and the 'market integrity' rationale underpinning Australia's insider trading laws, this thesis recommends reforms to the existing regulatory regime in order to remedy the identified problems and to better apply the law to corporations. Accordingly, a new model of direct corporate criminal liability for insider trading in Australia is proposed.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Using Plan Decomposition for Continuing Plan Optimisation and Macro Generation(2016-01) Siddiqui, Fazlul HasanThis thesis addresses three problems in the field of classical AI planning: decomposing a plan into meaningful subplans, continuing plan quality optimisation, and macro generation for efficient planning. The importance and difficulty of each of these problems is outlined below. (1) Decomposing a plan into meaningful subplans can facilitate a number of postplan generation tasks, including plan quality optimisation and macro generation – the two key concerns of this thesis. However, conventional plan decomposition techniques are often unable to decompose plans because they consider dependencies among steps, rather than subplans. (2) Finding high quality plans for large planning problems is hard. Planners that guarantee optimal, or bounded suboptimal, plan quality often cannot solve them In one experiment with the Genome Edit Distance domain optimal planners solved only 11.5% of problems. Anytime planners promise a way to successively produce better plans over time. However, current anytime planners tend to reach a limit where they stop finding any further improvement, and the plans produced are still very far from the best possible. In the same experiment, the LAMA anytime planner solved all problems but found plans whose average quality is 1.57 times worse than the best known. (3) Finding solutions quickly or even finding any solution for large problems within some resource constraint is also difficult. The best-performing planner in the 2014 international planning competition still failed to solve 29.3% of problems. Re-engineering a domain model by capturing and exploiting structural knowledge in the form of macros has been found very useful in speeding up planners. However, existing planner independent macro generation techniques often fail to capture some promising macro candidates because the constituent actions are not found in sequence in the totally ordered training plans. This thesis contributes to plan decomposition by developing a new plan deordering technique, named block deordering, that allows two subplans to be unordered even when their constituent steps cannot. Based on the block-deordered plan, this thesis further contributes to plan optimisation and macro generation, and their implementations in two systems, named BDPO2 and BloMa. Key to BDPO2 is a decomposition into subproblems of improving parts of the current best plan, rather than the plan as a whole. BDPO2 can be seen as an application of the large neighbourhood search strategy to planning. We use several windowing strategies to extract subplans from the block deordering of the current plan, and on-line learning for applying the most promising subplanners to the most promising subplans. We demonstrate empirically that even starting with the best plans found by other means, BDPO2 is still able to continue improving plan quality, and often produces better plans than other anytime planners when all are given enough runtime. BloMa uses an automatic planner independent technique to extract and filter “self-containe” subplans as macros from the block deordered training plans. These macros represent important longer activities useful to improve planners coverage and efficiency compared to the traditional macro generation approaches.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Stereospecific effects of asymmetric ligands in cobalt (III) complexes(1962-01) MacDermott, Thomas EdwardIn the study of the effects of asymmetric groups in metal complexes, by far the most commonly used ligand has been propylenediamine. This base is a bidentate ligand and its metal complexes show a close chemical resemblance to those of ethylenediamine, so that any complex of ethylenediamine can be paralleled using propylenediamine. X-ray and infra-red studies show that the metal ligand ring in both ethylenediamine and propylenediamine complexes assumes a non-planar configuration. The atoms are distributed in a staggered conformation so that the angles between bonds deviate as little as possible from the tetrahedral and octahedral angles. This puckering, shown in Fig. 1.11 for the ethylenediamine case, gives rise to isomerism such as that found in the cyclopentane system. The hydrogen atoms attached to the methylene carbons can be either "axial" or "equatorial." Using conformational anlyses Bailar and Corey were able to predict which isomers should be energetically preferred to others in a system such as tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt-(III). They also applied this treatment to the corresponding propylenediamine complex and predicted the predominance of some isomers. (First two paragraphs of introduction).Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Hydrogen bonding in primary aromatic amines(1963) O'Grady, Barry VincentThe existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond in ortho-substituted phenols has been well established. However, the corresponding ortho-substituted anilines do not show the same marked variation in their physical and chemical properties and in 2-nitro-aniline there has been some doubt as to the presence of the expected chelate structure. (First paragraph of summary.)Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Studies on the Opalinidae of Australian frogs : the life cycle of Zelleriella binucleata (Raff) in the frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Gunther(1963) Tait, Noel NormanThe Opalinidae are a group of protozoa inhabiting the rectum of Anura. The systematics of the group has been the subject of much controversy. Metcalf's view (Metcalf, 1918), that the Opalinidae represent a primitive stage in the evolution of the Ciliata, has been discredited by more recent workers. A series of papers, culminating with that of Grasse (1952), has pointed out the affinities of the Opalinidae with the Flagellates. Grasse (op. cit.) created a new super-order Opalinina at the same level as the Protomonadina and Metamonadina, clearly indicating his view of their specialized evolution from existing flagellates. Corliss (1955) summarized the ciliate and the flagellate characters of the Opalinidae and agreed with Grasse as regards their specialized flagellate affinities. For these reasons the Order Protociliata of Metcalf (op. cit.) has been discarded.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Substitution at an octahedral metal centre(1962-02-03) Bosnich, Brice MichaelThis thesis contains most of the observations, experiments and conclusions resulting from work on the substitution reactions of some octahedral metal complexes. It is divided into four parts. The first chapter is a summary of the effects which are expected to control the rates of inorganic nucleophilic substitutions. The results discussed are those which the author considers are peculiarly inorganic rather than organic; although some overlap is inevitable. It is not intended to be a literature review, and is restricted mainly to octahedral systems. A discussion of the reactions of square planar complexes is not given, nor is any discussion made in regard to electron transfer reactions. The succeeding three chapters have their individual introductions. The intended purpose of these introductions is to give a brief survey of the previous work carried out on the particular problem under investigation. It was hoped by this to indicate clearly that a problem existed, and that it might be solved by the experiments that have been carried out. It was considered that the nature of the chosen topics did not warrant one long-, review type and perhaps perfunctory general introduction at the beginning of the thesis.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Recombination between two strains of vaccinia virus(1959-02) Comben, Brian MaxwellTwo strains of vaccinia virus were selected which differed by five separate markers: pock morphology on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo, the production of haemagglutinin, heat resistance, mouse virulence when inoculated intracerebrally and type of skin lesion produced in the rabbit. homogeneous for the five markers, and that the markers were stable on pure culture passage. cultures were infected with mixtures of the two strains and an analysis was made of the progeny of such infections. One hundred and forty-nine progeny clones were isolated, and of these seventeen differed from both parental strains in their marker characteristics. It is believed that these arose by genetic recombination. Intermediates were found for the markers: pock morphology, mouse virulence and type of rabbit skin lesion, whereas haemagglutinin production and heat resistance appeared to be all-or-none characters. A preliminary analysis was made of single HeLa cell yields and of the proportion of heat resistant recombinants to the total progeny.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Reduction of pteridines(1961-01) Matsuura, SadaoSummary: Reduction: The fifteen possible hydroxy- and polyhydroxypteridines were reduced, chemically and catalytically. Potassium borohydride, sodium dithionite, and potassium (or sodium) amalgam were used as the chemical reducing agents. Hydrogenation over palladium, platinum, and Raney-nickel were used for catalytic reductions. Except 2,4,7-trihydroxypteridine all these were successfully reduced by at least one of the above methods. Hyuroxypteridines lacking a hydroxy group in the pyrazine ring gave tetrahydropteridines and, in some cases, a dihydro-compound as well. Thus 2-hydroxypteridine gave 5,6,7, 8-tetraliydro-2-hydroxypteridine and also 3,4-dihydro-2-hydroxypteridine. The latter is the first example of the reduction of a pteridine in the pyrimidine ring.On the other hand, hydroxypteridines having a hydroxy group in the pyrazine ring gave only dihydro-compounds on reduction. Thus 6-hydroxypteridines gave 7,8-dihydro-6- hydroxypteridines, and 7-hydroxypteridines gave their 5,6- dihydro-derivatives.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , New Perspectives on Surface Passivation: Understanding the Si‒Al₂O₃ Interface(2015-04) Black, Lachlan EdwardHigh-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells must suppress recombination at their p-type surfaces. Thin-film, amorphous aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) has been shown to provide very effective passivation of such surfaces, assisted by its negative fixed charge. However, many details of Al₂O₃ passivation remain poorly understood. Furthermore, conventional means of depositing passivating Al₂O₃ are too slow or too expensive to be suitable for high-volume commercial production. This thesis addresses these issues in three ways: 1) by contributing to a deeper understanding of semiconductor-dielectric interfaces and semiconductor surface recombination mechanisms in general, 2) by investigating the properties of Al₂O₃ as a passivating dielectric for silicon surfaces, and 3) by demonstrating the viability of APCVD as a high-throughput, industrially compatible deposition method for Al₂O₃, enabling its application to commercial solar cells. Using Al₂O₃ as a test case, it is shown how a novel analysis of the extended conductance method can be used to i) distinguish the separate contributions to the interface state distribution at a semiconductor-dielectric interface, and ii) determine their capture cross-sections for both minority and majority carriers. Furthermore, the direct link between these measured interface state properties and the recombination rate at the semiconductor surface is experimentally demonstrated by showing that the former can be used to accurately predict the latter. Investigations of the surface passivation properties of Al₂O₃ reveal a remarkably consistent picture. It is shown that the properties of the Si‒Al₂O₃ interface states are essentially independent of the Al₂O₃ deposition conditions and technique. The interface properties are found to be independent of the surface dopant concentration at boron- and phosphorus-doped surfaces, while recombination is shown to be only weakly dependent on surface orientation and morphology as a result of the remarkable orientation-independence of the Si‒Al₂O₃ interface state properties. Meanwhile, the chemical origin of the charge at the Si‒Al₂O₃ interface is elucidated by correlating FTIR and electrical measurements. APCVD is clearly shown - for the first time - to be capable of depositing Al₂O₃ films with exceptional surface passivation properties, comparable to the best results achieved using other deposition techniques. In the best case, interface state densities as low as 5 x 10¹⁰ eV¯¹ cm¯² at midgap, and negative fixed charge concentrations of 3.3 x 10¹²cm¯² are measured, resulting in a saturation current density of 7fAcm¯² on undiffused p-type surfaces. The APCVD films are shown to be thermally stable under standard solar cell processing conditions and are demonstrated in large-area solar cells with peak efficiencies of 21.3 %. These results demonstrate the viability of APCVD Al₂O₃ as a surface passivation layer for industrial silicon solar cells.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , A palaeomagnetic study of some late Cainozoic rocks in low latitudes, with special reference to the Pacific region(1963) Tarling, Donald HRock magnetism is the study of the magnetic properties of rocks, and palaeomagnetism forms one branch of this discipline. Palaeomagnetism is concerned with the natural ("fossil") remanent magnetization of rocks with the particular objective of studying the Earth's magnetic field during the geological past, The study is based on the supposition that a rock acquires a remanence at the time of its formation, the direction of which is parallel to the Earth's field, so that it is possible to infer the direction of the Earth's field at the time of the formation of the rock by an examination of its remanent magnetization. The intensity of magnetization is related with the strength of the Earth's field at that time, but in a complex manner, and most palaeomagnetic work is concerned with the directions of remanent magnetization. (First paragraph of introduction).Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Disubstituted cobalt (III) triethylenetetramine complexes : their stereochemistry and kinetics of aquation(1963) Searle, Graeme HunterWhereas some work has been done on triethylenetetramine (trien) complexes by relating magnetism (1,2,3,10) and spectra (4,5,6,7) to stereochemistry in the solid state, little is known about the precise configurations of the few compounds isolated, Even less structural information on complexes obtained only in solution has been provided by studies of complex formation by carious methods (1,2,11,21,23,26) and measurements of formation constants (20,21,22,24). (First paragraph of chapter one.)Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Thiol-thione equilibria in nitrogenous Heterocyclic Mercapto-compounds(1959) Barlin, Gordon BruceTwo different tautomeric forms may be written for monoaza-heterocyclic mereapto-compounds, one with the mobile hydrogen atom on sulphur and the other with the mobile hydrogen on nitrogen. For example 4-mercaptopyridine may exist in the tautomeric forms: (l; R = K) or' (II; R = H).Additional NH forms are possible for polyazaheterocyclic mereapto-compounds. The tautomerism of the mercapto-derivatives of six-membered rings has been little examined. Isolated qualitative studies of the tautomerism have been undertaken but no quantitative approach to the problem has previously been attempted. The present investigation was undertaken with the aim of elucidating the structure of simple nitrogenous heterocyclic mereapto-compounds in water because of their relationship to the biologically important 2-thiouracil derivatives which may be represented as (h i ). In the present work the mercapto - compounds have been studied by reference to fixed tautomeric forms in which the mobile hydrogen atom was replaced by an immobile methyl - group e.g. (I and II; R = Me). This can be done because changes in ultraviolet absorption spectra and ionization constants are small upon W- or Smethylation. Finally, by employing ionization constants, the ratio of the tautomers at equilibrium in rnonoaza - heterocyclic mercapto - compounds was calculated.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Probability theory applied to genetic populations(1960) Watterson, Geoffrey AntonThis thesis is concerned with certain aspects of the genetic behaviour of a zoological or botanical population. Broadly speaking, the models used here to describe populations are 'natural', in the sense that they subject the individuals to mainly random influences, as opposed to the controlled environments such as poultry and many vegetable crops. The aim is to discover the evolutionary significance of these random influences by the application of probability theory; an analysis is made of the possible states of the population after a considerable number of generations has elapsed from some initial instant.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , The geology and petrology of the Murrumbidgee bathylith and its relation to the Palaeozoic igneous activity of the Tasman geosyncline(1957) Snelling, Norman JohnThe Murrumbidgee bathylith on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales has intrusive relations to Lower Paleozoic sediments and was probably emplaced in association with the Bowning Orogeny (Late Silurian) which affected large areas of the Tasman Geosyncline. The bathylith is a composite intrusive made up of at least nine distince bodies which range from tonalite to granite, The most common rock type is granodiorite which represents about 85 per cebt of the 550 square miles of exposed bathylith rock.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Preparations and oxidation-reduction potentials of some osmium complexes(1961) Buckingham, David AnsonDuring the last five years a systematic study has been made in these laboratories of the chemistry of the Group(VIIl) elements, iron, ruthenium, and osmium* This study has been concerned with the preparations of mono-, bis-, and tris- 1,10 phenanthroline and 2,2* dipyridyl complexes, and an investigation into their thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities. Much of the work on iron and ruthenium has row been completed, and this thesis presents the results of a preparative and thermodynamic study on the last member of the group, osmium. (First paragraph of Preface).Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , A study of the basic igneous rocks of the Lower Proterozoic of north-western Queensland with special reference to their metamorphism and metasomatism in relations to geological sequence of events(1958) Walker, Kenneth RidleyThe North-western Queensland region has a moderate to rugged relief ( Plate III, Figs. 1 and 2), and the Precambrian rocks under review crop out over about 16,000 square miles, Cloncurry and Mt. Isa are the main centres, Cloncurry is situated about 210 miles south of the Gulf of Carpenteria and about 450 miles west of Townsville, and approximately 1,300 air route miles from Canberra via Sydney. Access in the region is generally poor and all of the work was done using a 4-wheel drive vehicle adapted for cross country work and camping (Plate IV, Figs. 1 and 2). (First paragraph of Introduction.)